The selfie score of all teeth was estimated by applying regression analysis on the information obtained for the front teeth using the data of ten subjects under the two situations (with and without disclosing) and using a commercial camera (Canon EOS 70D, EFS 18-135mm lens, 20.9 megapixels, LED Ring). The “selfie” index was performed using the image of the anterior teeth (four incisors and two canines) obtained through a smartphone camera (Xiaomi Redmi 4, 13MP). The images were taken from the participant’s natural smile, using the anterior teeth that were naturally exposed in the analysis (Fig. Anterior teeth were also combined into groups, resulting into two partial indexes, VPIant and DPI ant. All teeth were examined on both clinical indexes (VPI and DPI) and analyzes were performed by the same examiner (CLA), during a single dental appointment. Participants were evaluated using a four-stage protocol: (a) VPI, proposed by Ainamo & Bay ( 13) (b) smartphone digital image (c) DPI, proposed by O’Leary ( 14) using fuchsin (Eviplac™) and (d) smartphone digital image with plaque disclosure. Wilcoxon test resulted in a sample of 47 participants. An α = 0.01 was used, with standardized amplitude of the interval and two-tailed hypothesis test with β = 0.20. To calculate the sample size, the prevalence of gingival disease of 10% was considered ( 12), with a possible variation of 5%. Participants without anterior teeth or presence of fixed orthodontic appliances were excluded. Inclusion criteria were participants aged 18 years or older with a previous need for periodontal treatment. The aim of this study was to describe a reproducible and quantitative method to measure plaque accumulation using digital smartphone image (“selfies”) through comparison with two plaque indexes (VPI and DPI) to establish the use selfies images, with and without disclosing solution, for purpose of plaque detection.įorty seven adult subjects were recruited from a private dentistry clinic in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, and issued with an information sheet and consent form to sign before taking part in the trial. Designed tools based on the needs of these populations could lead to greater levels of monitoring, more active engagement in their care and personalized feedback ( 11). Mobile technologies have been developed to better treat chronic conditions. The Quantified Self (QS) movement, which aims to improve various aspects of life and health through recording and reviewing daily activities and biometrics, is a new and upcoming practice of self monitoring that holds much promise ( 10). Both indices assess the presence of plaque by an observer using visual examination, introducing an element of subjectivity to the process ( 6).Ĭurrently, mHealth technology has been successfully implemented for different medical purposes for example, reducing sedentary behaviour ( 7), improving toothbrush behavior ( 8) and promoting oral health ( 9). In the O´leary Index (DPI) ( 5) teeth are stained with a disclosing solution, presence of plaque is scored on a dichotomous variable and the final score per individual is the sum of the plaque scores divided by the number of surfaces examined. The Visible Plaque Index (VPI) was proposed by Ainamo and Bay ( 4), to assess the quality of oral hygiene through clinical observation of the presence of biofilm on dental surfaces by means of simple categorical definitions (presence or absence of plaque). Consequently, there is a need to develop and validate non-invasive diagnostic tools and preventive behavior change strategies ( 3).Ī number of clinical plaque indices (PI) have been use for quantifying the presence of dental plaque. As a result, the majority of the patients does not present adequate levels of oral hygiene ( 2). However, adequate biofilm removal is difficult, because it requires dexterity and motivation. Thus, prevention and management of caries and periodontal diseases is based on biofilm removal through self-performed dental plaque control ( 1). Although both diseases are multifactorial, the dental biofilm is a major biological determinant common to the development of the two diseases. Both, cause tooth loss, are prevenTable and remains a major public health problem. Periodontal diseases and caries are highly prevalent worldwide.
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